New options for neuroendocrine thymic tumors medical treatment
Review Article

胸腺神经内分泌肿瘤的内科治疗的新选择

Giovannella Palmieri, Margaret Ottaviano

Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II and CRTR Rare Tumours Reference Center, Naples, Italy

Contributions: (I) Conception and design: All authors; (II) Administrative support: None; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: All authors; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: All authors; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: M Ottaviano; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.

Correspondence to: Giovannella Palmieri. Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II and CRTR Rare Tumours Reference Center, Via Pansini 5, 80128 Naples, Italy. Email: giovpalm@unina.it.

摘要:神经内分泌肿瘤(Neuroendocrine neoplasms,NENs)是一组异质性的恶性疾病,其主要起源于胃肠胰和支气管肺。鉴于胸腺神经内分泌肿瘤(Thymic neuroendocrine tumors,TNETs)被归类于胸腺癌,由于其生物学上的侵袭性、复发率高、预后差,局部复发和远处转移的发生率高。TNETs的病理学分类与其他部位的NENs分类不同,除了依据Ki-67的百分比外,还要参考肿瘤组织内坏死的程度。时。此外,约50%的TNETs伴有内分泌疾病,如库欣综合征(异位分泌促肾上腺皮质激素),或者其他神经内分泌系统肿瘤,如I型多发神经内分泌肿瘤综合征(multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome,MEN1)。对于可切除的病灶,手术仍然是最主要的治疗手段。但是,对于不可切除的TNETs,辅助的放化疗发挥着重要作用。由于绝大多数分化好的NETs高表达生长抑素受体,因此对于功能性或者非功能性神经内分泌肿瘤,生长抑素类似物(somatostatin analogs,SSAs)是一线的选择药物。mTOR蛋白抑制剂依维莫司在NETs的长期治疗方案中具有重要作用。另外,抗血管生成也是重要的治疗策略,帕唑帕尼是一种多靶点抑制剂,在晚期NETs患者中进行了疗效评估(研究纳入了mTOR蛋白抑制剂耐药的患者)。鉴于缺乏相关临床试验,NETs药物的最优应用秩序,仍未确定。开展相关的随机对照临床研究将会解决这些问题。

关键词:神经内分泌肿瘤,胸腺,生长抑素类似物,血管生成,联合治疗


Received: 11 December 2017; Accepted: 14 March 2018; Published: 13 April 2018.

doi: 10.21037/med.2018.03.19


神经内分泌肿瘤(Neuroendocrine neoplasms, NENs)一组异质性的恶性疾病,其组织学起源为神经内分泌细胞,最常见与胃肠道、胰腺和支气管肺。

1972年Rosai和Higa最早报道了神经内分泌肿瘤(Thymic neuroendocrine tumors,TNETs),它起源于神经内分泌细胞,构成了散布在正常人类胸腺中的少数细胞群[1]。TNETs发病率为所有神经内分泌肿瘤的0.4%[2],相较于前肠起源部位的NENs,纵隔起源的NENs更具有侵袭性[3],因此其被归类于胸腺癌。即使根治性切除术后的患者,TNETs局部复发和远处转移的发生率仍然较高,且预后差,TNETs的五年生存率为30%~70%[4]。根据SEER数据库(Epidemiology and End-Result database)、国际胸腺恶性肿瘤兴趣小组(International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group,ITMIG)和欧洲胸外科医生协会数据库(the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons databases),组织学分型不影响指预后,病理分级和是否行根治手术是预后的相关因素[2-5]

肺和胸腺NENs的病理学分类与其他部位的NENs稍有不同,其不仅依据Ki-67百分比,同时还要参考肿瘤组织内坏死的程度。因此被分为三个亚型:典型类癌(typical carcinoid)、非典型类癌(atypical carcinoid)、大细胞和小细胞神经内分泌癌(large- and small-cell NECs),典型类癌、非典型类癌分别对应于NET 1级、NE 2级,大细胞和小细胞神经内分泌癌相当于NET 3级。约50%的TNETs伴有内分泌疾病,如异位分泌促肾上腺皮质激素引起的库欣综合征,或者其他神经内分泌系统肿瘤,如I型多发神经内分泌肿瘤综合征(multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome,MEN1)。

晚期TNETs的治疗目的是通过减少或者稳定肿瘤、控制病情,进而延长患者生存、减少功能性肿瘤的症状,提升患者的生活质量。鉴于TNETs的发病率比较低,其相关的回顾性和前瞻性研究的研究有限,TNETs患者治疗方案和生存数据不易获取,且进展少。因此,实际上尚未建立TNETs的最佳治疗共识,也没有统一的治疗策略[2]。对于可切除的TNETs,手术仍然是最主要的治疗手段。但是,对于不可切除的TNETs辅助的放化疗具有重要作用。TNETs可切除率的报道多为单中心的,从28%至100%不等(平均86%)。

目前,功能性和非功能性转移性NENs,尤其是I级和II级的NENs,可供选择的药物比较多,主要包括:生长抑素类似物(somatostatin analogs,SSAs)、干扰素-α(interferon-α,INF-α)、肽受体放射靶向治疗(peptide receptor radiotargeted therapy,PRRT)、细胞毒性化疗和分子靶向药物的全身治疗。SSAs在诊断工作中起着重要作用,大多数高分化的NETs高表达水平的生长抑素受体(SSAs与之结合)。一般情况下,SSAs治疗是功能性和非功能性NETs的一线治疗药物[6]。安慰剂对照的双盲前瞻性的临床试验(PROMID和CLARINET)表明,长效奥曲肽(octreotide LAR)和兰瑞肽(lanreotide Autogel)都可以延缓转移性G1-G2 NETs患者的肿瘤进展时间(time to progression,TTP)[7]。另一项意大利的多中心临床试验评估了NETs中长效SSAs的有效性和Ki67指数的关系,结果显示,Ki67指数≤5%的患者是SSAs的适宜人群[8]

自1992年以来,放射素标记的SSA(肽受体放射靶向药物)在治疗晚期分化良好的神经内分泌肿瘤方面显示出巨大的前景。最近,177注射液(177Lu-Dotatate)在晚期肠道神经内分泌肿瘤患者中的一项试验显示,与高剂量奥曲肽相比,177注射液(177Lu-Dotatate)可以延长晚期肠道神经内分泌肿瘤的无进展生存(progression-free survival, PFS)[9],研究不推荐高剂量应用SSAs。在治疗策略的复杂情况下,由于mTOR通路在NETs中表达上调,mTOR蛋白的抑制剂依维莫司在NETs的治疗中发挥重要作用。

III期临床试验(RADIANT-3和RADIANT-4)结果表明依维莫司可以改善胰腺、胃肠道、肺来源的NETs的PFS。此外,在RADIANT研究中,依维莫司和SSAs联合治疗的作用尚未明确,只有在RADIANT-2研究中,对于功能性NETs,二者联合使用比奥曲肽单药更有优势[10]。II期随机3臂的LUNA试验评估长效帕瑞肽单药、依维莫司单药或者二者联合治疗晚期肺/胸腺NETs的疗效和安全性。所有组均达到9个月无进展率(PFR)的主要研究终点(P =39.0%, 95% CI,24.2%~55.5%;E =33.3%, 95% CI,19.6%~49.5%);P + E =58.5%,95% CI,42.1%~73.7%),联合用药组有疗效更好的趋势[11]。血管生成是NETs的另一个重要通路,帕唑帕尼是主要针对血管内皮生长因子受体(VEGFR-1,-2,-3),血小板源生长因子受体α和β(PDGFRα,β)和促癌基因c-Kit的多靶点抑制剂,根据PAZONET研究,其可以应用于既往治疗过的(包括mTOR抑制剂治疗)的晚期NETs患者[12]。VEGFR和mTOR抑制剂都可以单独应用于NETs,二者联合是否可以产生协同作用值得进一步研究[10]

有越来越多的研究正在评估单独或联合依维莫司治疗NETs的药物。目前为止,我们单位有两项:1. 探索性的II期ATLANT研究,该研究针对不可切除的进展性胸部NETs(肺和胸腺),注射兰瑞肽(每28天一次),联合替莫唑胺250mg每月5天);2. II期单臂的IMMUNeOCT研究,该研究针对至少经过一线治疗的晚期或者转移性的非功能胃肠胰和胸部NETs,评估免疫检查点抑制剂PDR001的疗效和安全性(Oncology Clinical Protocol CPDR001E2201)。鉴于缺乏相关临床试验,NETs药物的最优应用策略,仍未确定。未来仍需进一步开展随机对照临床研究,以阐明NETs药物排兵布阵的最优策略。


Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Marianna Tortora, CRTR Rare Tumours Reference Center, Naples, Italy for collection and assembly of data, Dr. Pasqualina Perrone and Dr. Carmen Forino, CRTR Rare Tumours Reference Center, Naples, Italy for administrative support.

Funding: None.


Footnote

Provenance and Peer Review: This article was commissioned by the Guest Editors Mirella Marino and Brett W. Carter for the series “Dedicated to the 8th International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group Annual Meeting (ITMIG 2017)” published in Mediastinum. The article has undergone external peer review.

Conflicts of Interest: Both authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/med.2018.03.19). The series “Dedicated to the 8th International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group Annual Meeting (ITMIG 2017)” was commissioned by the editorial office without any funding or sponsorship. The authors have no other conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.


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译者介绍
付红勇
河南省肿瘤医院/肿瘤研究院。2018年毕业于上海交通大学医学院,肿瘤学博士,2019年度河南省肿瘤医院“五四青年岗位标兵”;主要从事肺部小细胞神经内分泌癌的研究,第一作者发表SCI 2篇,主持河南省级课题1项。(更新时间:2021/8/12)

(本译文仅供学术交流,实际内容请以英文原文为准。)

doi: 10.21037/med.2018.03.19
Cite this article as: Palmieri G, Ottaviano M. New options for neuroendocrine thymic tumors medical treatment. Mediastinum 2018;2:30.

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