Pathological features of thymoma and thymic carcinoma with therapeutic implications
Review Article

胸腺瘤和胸腺癌的病理学特征及其治疗意义

Alexander Marx1, Philipp Ströbel2, Berthold Schalke3, Cleo-Aron Weis1

1Institutes of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, MannheimGermany; 2Institutes of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; 3Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

Contributions: (I) Conception and design: A Marx, CA Weis; (II) Administrative support: None; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: B Schalke, A Marx; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: All authors; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: All authors; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.

Correspondence to: Alexander Marx, MD. Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany. Email: alexander.marx@umm.de.

摘要:目前胸腺瘤(Thymomas, TMs)和胸腺癌(Thymic carcinomas, TCs)患者的预后主要取决于肿瘤分期、可切除性、切除情况,在一定程度上还取决于组织学类型,而肿瘤分子标志物只起次要作用。然而,在确立任何治疗方案前,细致的临床、影像和血清学检查以及最终的穿刺活检(排除如淋巴瘤、生殖细胞肿瘤等)是必不可少的。手术完成后,切除标本的典型病理学特征是决定所有TMs和TCs后续治疗的主要因素。在具有KIT和NUT突变的罕见TCs及那些易受免疫检查点抑制剂影响的胸腺肿瘤中,预测性分子标志物将在未来将发挥愈来愈重要的作用。

关键词:切除;近缘;KIT突变;舒尼替尼;PD-L


Received: 29 November 2017; Accepted: 11 December 2017; Published: 04 January 2018.

doi: 10.21037/med.2017.12.03


背景介绍

早期R0切除术是根治胸腺瘤( TMs)和胸腺癌(TCs)的关键性治疗手段。在无法行R0切除的情况下,采用新辅助化疗或生长抑素/泼尼松诱导后行全部或部分切除,术后放疗(Postoperative radiotherapy, PORT),针对播散、复发和不可切除肿瘤的“针对性化疗”,以及单用或联合化疗的各种“靶向”治疗已成为此类肿瘤的可选治疗策略。目前针对免疫检查点抑制剂的研究正处于早期临床试验阶段,已经显示出疗效,但同时也容易出现高风险的自身免疫性不良反应,尤其是在TM中,即副肿瘤自身免疫现象发生率最高的肿瘤[1]。由于治疗有效性的预测生物标志物仍然存在较大空白[2] ,TMs和TCs的病理特征,即(免疫)组织学特性、分期和切除情况仍在指导治疗决策方面发挥着最关键的作用,详见下文。


治疗相关的病理学特征

对分化程度未知的纵隔肿块行穿刺活检后,得到的首要病理学特征是肿瘤的组织病理类型[在临床,几乎只有当患者伴重症肌无力时才可确诊胸腺瘤,而甲胎蛋白(AFP)、人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)和神经内分泌标志物等肿瘤标志物阳性则提示生殖细胞肿瘤和神经内分泌肿瘤,其治疗效果与TMs、TCs差异明显[3]]。完成病理组织学诊断之后,影像学研究将成为TM或TCs是否应采取切除或新辅助治疗手段的关键性决定因素。虽然新辅助化疗是不可切除的TMs和TCs的标准疗法[4],但对于“奥曲肽显像”阳性的富淋巴细胞AB、B1或B2型胸腺瘤而言,还提供了采用(除化疗外)新辅助奥曲肽/泼尼松干预后再序贯切除治疗的可能治疗策略[5]。组织学检查也影响了是否需要进行术后放疗(PORT):有证据表明,处于低Masaoka-Koga(MKS) I期或II期的B2和B3型的TMs和TCs患者可在R0切除术后的PORT中获益,但A型或AB型的TMs患者则未能获得收益[4]。类似的,区分B3型胸腺瘤和TC对于决定是否采取辅助治疗至关重要,因为在最近的II期临床试验中,只有TC对TKI(舒尼替尼)产生了治疗反应性[6]。免疫组织化学(Immunohistochemistry, IHC)可用于检测NUT蛋白和神经内分泌标志物,是鉴别大细胞神经内分泌癌与分化不良的鳞状细胞癌、小细胞癌或未分化癌的关键,根据IHC结果确定病理类型后可制定更佳的治疗策略[7]。采用IHC检测TMs和TCs中PD-L1的表达量,对于免疫检查点抑制剂治疗效果的预测价值目前尚不清楚[8,9]。肿瘤分期是TMs和TCs最显著的预后独立影响因素之一。MKS I/II期的TMs通常仅通过手术即可治愈,可能无需辅助治疗[4],不过最近研究表明,PORT也可改善部分IIA期患者的肿瘤控制情况[10,11]。无论TM和TC的病理组织类型或切除情况如何,晚期肿瘤的主要治疗策略都需要PORT(MKS III期)、胸膜切除术联合或不联合热灌注胸腔内化疗(hyperthermic intrathoracic chemotherapy, HITOC)(IVa期)[12]和(或)化疗(MKS IVb期)[4]。切除情况不仅是一项重要的预后因素[13,14] ,而且组织学诊断为“阳性切缘(ink on tumor,肿瘤墨染切缘)”的不完全切除(R1或R2)病例,通常是采用PORT的指征之一,该治疗方法可显著提高TMs和TCs患者的生存率[4,10,11]。相比之下,“近缘(close margins)”(肿瘤至给定切除标本表面的距离)在肿瘤复发和影响生存方面的作用尚未得到评估(图1)。

图1
图1 切除标本的表面墨染有助于识别(A)不完全切除(R1或R2)和(B)近缘有关。然而,在胸腺瘤和胸腺癌的复发及影响生存方面,近缘尚未被证实为提示预后的标志物(H&E染色,×200)。箭头提示肿瘤浸润前沿最靠近墨染切缘的区域(<<1mm)。

结论

考虑到肿瘤的分期、切除情况和组织类型是影响预后的最重要因素,肿瘤的组织病理学特征仍是决定所有TMs和TCs治疗的基础。对伴有KIT和NUT基因突变的罕见TCs而言,分子标志物有望在未来的发展中发挥愈来愈重要的作用[7,15]


Acknowledgments

Funding: None.


Footnote

Provenance and Peer Review: This article was commissioned by the Guest Editors Mirella Marino and Brett W. Carter for the series “Dedicated to the 8th International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group Annual Meeting (ITMIG 2017)” published in Mediastinum. The article has undergone external peer review.

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/med.2017.12.03). The series “Dedicated to the 8th International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group Annual Meeting (ITMIG 2017)” was commissioned by the editorial office without any funding or sponsorship. The authors have no other conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.


References

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译者介绍
朱睿
2011年考入上海中医药大学中医临床七年制专业,2015年进入岳阳临床医学院,硕士期间师从上海市名中医徐振晔教授的弟子龚亚斌老师,硕士研究方向为肺癌合并胸腔积液的中医外治方法,毕业论文为《中医药治疗肺癌合并胸腔积液的短期临床疗效观察》。2019年6月毕业至今兼职医学期刊编辑工作,作为主笔完成文章修改编撰90余篇。(更新时间:2021/8/24)
审校介绍
戴顺东
医学博士,毕业于中国医科大学病理学与病理生理学专业,师从王恩华教授(前中华医学会病理学分会副主任委员、中华医学会病理学分会胸部疾病学组组长)。现为上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院病理科行政副主任,副主任医师。曾主持2项国家自然科学基金、1项高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金联合资助课题、1项上海交通大学“新型冠状病毒防治”专项软课题、1项辽宁省自然科学基金项目(优秀人才培育项目)、1项国家级大学生创新创业训练计划,参与国家自然科学基金3项。2019年获得全国高校(医学类)微课教学比赛 二等奖。现为中华医学会病理学分会胸部疾病学组委员、中国老年医学学会病理分会胸部疾病学组委员、中国医药教育协会肺部肿瘤专委会病理学组会员、卫健委住院医师规范化培训结业考核题库建设专家、教育部学位中心评审专家。(更新时间:2021/8/24)

(本译文仅供学术交流,实际内容请以英文原文为准。)

doi: 10.21037/med.2017.12.03
Cite this article as: Marx A, Ströbel P, Schalke B, Weis CA. Pathological features of thymoma and thymic carcinoma with therapeutic implications. Mediastinum 2018;2:1.

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